Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging tool that provides 3-dimensional (3D) images of the internal organs. CT offers very good contrast of bone to soft tissue and thus can have novel applications in bone research.
Micro-CT is an advancement which enables imaging in three dimensions on a small scale with very high resolution. It does not require any sample preparation or histological slicing. Using a micro-CT scanner, the internal structure of a tissue can be visualized without destroying the sample tissue.
Micro-CT systems were first built by Feldkamp et al for the analysis of 3D trabecular bone micro-structure. The first micro-CT scanner was commercially available in the year 1994 and soon became a standard imaging tool in the field of bone research.
These days, micro-CT scanners having varying resolutions are offered by many manufacturers to fit a range of applications that enable bone tissue analysis and in vivo measurements. New algorithms for image processing and data analysis techniques have emerged in recent times, which have opened up micro-CT techniques in several new uses.
Principles of micro-CT
Micro-CT works with the help of a micro-focus X-ray source that illuminates the sample. By rotating the sample, several views can be acquired from different angles. These multiple angular images are reconstructed to create a high resolution 3D image of the structure.
In micro-CT systems, X-rays are passed through various types of target tissues in the human body. Tissues absorb or deflect the X-rays to varying degrees. The CT system measures the intensity of X-rays transmitted by different tissues at different angles. Micro-CT systems use low‐energy, micro-focus X‐ray source and offer high resolution images in experiments using small animals. Several 2D images obtained using a micro-CT imaging can be combined with the help of a computer to form 3D images.
Strengths of micro-CT technique
Rapid technique that gives results within 40 min to 12 h
Highly sensitive to bone and lung tissue
Provides high resolution images, and allows the resolution to be further enhanced by using contrast agents
Not destructive to target tissues
Reconstruction and analysis of images is easy
Easy to interpret results in 2D and 3D formats
Micro-CT scanners are inexpensive compared to other systems using similar imaging tools
Biological applications of micro-CT
Micro-CT has been successfully applied to biological imaging in the following areas:
In vivo imaging of head / knee
Bone analysis
Lung tumor detection in vivo and ex vivo
Imaging and quantification of tumors
Ex vivo imaging of the rabbit brain
Phenotyping of the mouse kidney
Imaging of mouse heart calcification and chest of live animals using contrast agents in vivo
Imaging of tooth and jaw bone in mice
The micro-CT technique has also been used for imaging inflammatory bowel disease in mice and other zoological applications.
Applications of MicroCT Play
Weaknesses of micro-CT technique
Use of radiation which can be harmful to animals at high dosages
Exposure to radiation can manipulate the size of tumors and hence alter results
Stains are unavailable for some type of tissues
Requires good IT infrastructure and data pipelines
Not suitable for distinguishing similar types of tissues
References
http://medicalphysicsweb.org/cws/article/research/62214 http://www.b-cube.ch/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=19 http://www.ncku.edu.tw/animal/pdf/M-CT.pdf https://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/58029/237-246_mmv71_paterson_5bpz_web.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002007108000658 http://bruker-microct.com/company/methods.htm
Further Reading